Chapter 11 Vocabulary

Genetics : the science of heridity, dealing with resembalances and differences of related organsims resulting from the interaction of their genes and the envirnment.

True-Breeding : organism with traits with all the generatins of its family

Trait : a distinguishing characteristic or quality

Hybrid : the offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, species, or genera, esp. as produced through human manipulation for specific genetic characteristics.

Gene : the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA

Allele : any of several forms of a gene, usually arising through mutation, that are responsible for hereditary variation

Segregation : the separation of allelic genes into different gametes during meiosis.

Gamete : a mature sexual reproductive cell, as a sperm or egg, that unites with another cell to form a new organism.

Probability : the relative frequency with which an event occurs or is likely to occur.

Punnett Square : in genetics, a type of grid used to show the gametes of each parent and their possible offspring

Homozygous : having identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics.

Heterozygous : having dissimilar pairs of genes for any hereditary characteristic.

Phenotype : the observable constitution of an organism.

Genotype : the sum total of genes transmitted from parent to offspring.

Homologous : having the same or a similar relation; corresponding, as in relative position or structure.

Diploid : having two similar complements of chromosomes.

Haploid : having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell or half as many as a somatic cell.

Meiosis : part of the process of gamete formation, consisting of chromosome conjugation and two cell divisions

Tetrad : a group of four.

Crossing-Over : the exchange of genetic material between homologous

chromosomes that occurs during meiosis and contributes to genetic variability.

Gene Map : A graphic representation of the arrangement of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome.

Page 257 1-10

1.- D
2.- C
3.- B
4.- C
5.- C
6.- A
7.- B
8.- B
9.- A
10.- A

Page 252 1-5

1. What chemicals regulate the cell cycle ? How do they work ?
:Cyclin regulates the cell, it works by it regulates the time of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

2. What happens when cells do not respond to the signals that normally regulate their growth ?
:The cells then turn into a cancer cell.

3. How do cells respond to contact with other cells ?
:The cells then stop growing.

4. Why can cancer be considered a disease of the cell cycle ?
:its a disorder in the cell cycle that can spread throughout the body andit can cause death.

5. Write a hypothesis about what you think would happen if cyclin were injected into a cell that was in mitosis.
:I think the process would be really fast and even skip a couple of phases and the cell would probly end up with 24 chromosomes at the end

Page 249 1-6

1. Name the Main events in a cell cycle.
:G1, G2, S phase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.

2. Decribe what happens during each of the four phases of mitosis.
:interphase-growth, prophase-chromatids condense to make chromosomes, metaphase-chromosomes line up in middle of cell, anaphase-spindle fibers take chromosomes to poles, telaphase-nuclear envelope reappears and pinches in half makeing two different daughter cells.

3. Describe what happend during interphase.
:Everything in the cell gets duplicated. (DNA,Chromosomes,organelles)

4.What are Chromosomes made of ?
:Chromatids and a centromere.

5.How do prokaryotic cells divide ?
:The same way as eukariotes exept for the DNA doesent replicate.

6.How is cytokinesis in a plant cell similar to cytokinesis in animal cells ? How is it Different ?
:In the plant cell a cell plate is formed to divide both of the new daughter cells then eventually created into the cell wall. and in the animal cell cytokinesis pinches the conjoined cell in half so the two daughter cells are slip apart.

Page 243 1-5

1. Give two reasons why cells divide ?
:two reasons why cells divide are because of growth and reproduction.

2. How is a cell's DNA like the books in a library ?
:DNA and a book in a library are very simmilar in the way that they both store their information inside of themselves.

3. What is the solution to the problems of cell growth ?
: the solution to the problem is for the cell to split in half.

4. As a cell increases in size, which increases more rapidly, its surface area or its volume ?
: i think both would be increasing at the same rate.

5: Caculate the surface area, volume, and ratio of surface area to volume of an imaginary cubic cell with a lengh of 4 cm.
: surface area = 96
:volume = 64 cm2
:ratio of surface area to volume = 3/2

Biography

Hi my name is Luigi Galvani, I am 16 years old currently going to Chaparell High School as a sophmore. I like to play baseball and snowboard. I just moved here to colorodo about two months ago from Tampa Florida And was born in San Diego California.

Cell growth and Division Vocabulary:

• Cell Division : is the division of a cell in reproduction of growth








• Chromatid : one of two identical chromosomal strands into which a chromosome splits longitudinally preparatory to cell division.








• Centromere : a specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division as the constricted central region where the two chromatids are held together and form an X shape.
  
  
  
  
• Interphase : the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions.








• Cell Cycle : the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase followed in actively dividing cells by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.





• Mitosis : the usual method of cell division, characterized typically by the resolving of the chromatin of the nucleus into a threadlike form, which condenses into chromosomes, each of which separates longitudinally into two parts, one part of each chromosome being retained in each of two new cells resulting from the original cell.





• Prophase : the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes.








• Centriole : a small, cylindrical cell organelle, seen near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, that divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis, the new pair of centrioles moving ahead of the spindle to opposite poles of the cell as the cell divides: identical in internal structure to a basal body.





• Spindle : a spindle-shaped structure, composed of microtubules, that forms near the cell nucleus during mitosis or meiosis and, as it divides, draws the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.




• Metaphase : the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle.






• Anaphase : The stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle.

• Telophase : the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes.






• Cytokinesis : the division of the cell cytoplasm that usually follows mitotic or meiotic division of the nucleus.





• Cyclin : any of a group of proteins active in controlling the cell cycle and in initiating DNA synthesis






• Cancer : any disease characterized by such growths.